Labs & Reports · Liver tests

Bilirubin Test: Normal Range, Total, Direct and Indirect Levels

Written by · Registration TSMC/FMR/33901 · Published: 30 September 2026 · 16 min read · 25 references
Painterly still life: six glass test tubes stand in a worn wooden rack on a stone ledge against a cracked cream plaster wall, the liquid in them graded left to right from colourless through pale straw, yellow and amber to deep orange-brown and almost black-brown.
Left to right, the colour a rising bilirubin gives. The pigment is what makes serum yellow, and the same shift shows in the eyes once total bilirubin passes about 2 to 3 mg/dL — well above the 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL adult range.

A bilirubin test measures the yellow pigment left behind as your body recycles aging red blood cells. In adults the normal range is 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL for total bilirubin and under 0.3 mg/dL for direct bilirubin.1 Yellowing of the eyes can appear once the total passes about 2 to 3 mg/dL.1,2

A result a little above 1.2 is often harmless. When bilirubin alone is raised and the other liver values are normal, the usual cause is Gilbert syndrome, an inherited trait.3 Fasting before the blood draw can push that number higher.3,4 Your doctor looks first at which fraction is raised, direct or indirect, and then at the size of the total.

What is a bilirubin test? Copy link

A bilirubin test is a blood test that measures how much bilirubin is in your serum, the liquid portion of your blood. It is used to check the health of your liver, to look for the cause of jaundice, and to see how well a treatment is working.5

Bilirubin itself is a yellowish waste product. About 85 percent of it comes from hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.6 Your liver takes it up, changes it into a form your body can get rid of, and sends it out in bile.7,6

On a report it may be printed as serum bilirubin, or split into its parts.

  • Bilirubin total means all of the pigment in the sample
  • Bilirubin direct means the fraction your liver has already processed
  • Bilirubin indirect means the remainder, which the lab works out by subtraction8

Bilirubin is also one line of the panel commonly called a liver function test (LFT), so a separate booking is unnecessary when an LFT is already on your form.3 US guidance prefers to call these tests liver chemistries.9 Is this the jaundice test people ask for? In practice, yes. Jaundice is the yellowing you can see. A level of about 2.0 mg/dL is enough to cause it.1

The sample comes from a vein in your arm. The draw takes under five minutes.5

Bilirubin normal range: total, direct and indirect Copy link

The bilirubin normal range for an adult is 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL total, with direct bilirubin under 0.3 mg/dL.1 Labs calculate indirect bilirubin as the total minus the direct.8 The American Board of Internal Medicine's reference list puts it at 0.2 to 0.7 mg/dL.10

Bilirubin normal range in adults, by source (mg/dL)
SourceTotalDirectIndirect
MedlinePlus, reviewed February 20250.1 to 1.2under 0.3not listed
ABIM reference ranges, January 20260.3 to 1.00.1 to 0.30.2 to 0.7
US reference laboratory, age 18 and over0.0 to 1.20.0 to 0.3not listed
2,021 healthy north Indians, age 15 to 600.30 to 1.30not reportednot reported

Rows in order: references 1, 10, 6 and 11.

The lists sit close together and still differ at the top. The upper limit for total bilirubin runs from 1.0 to 1.3 mg/dL depending on the source. Every laboratory prints its own interval beside the result, as it does across common lab tests. Measure your number against that one.

Some reports use µmol/L. MedlinePlus gives the same adult range as 1.71 to 20.5 µmol/L,1 which makes 1 mg/dL about 17.1 µmol/L. A total of 17 µmol/L and a total of 1.0 mg/dL are one and the same, so check the unit beside your number first.

Bilirubin test normal range in adults: total bilirubin result scale in mg/dL Three flat sample tubes holding progressively deeper yellow serum stand for three bands of total bilirubin. The usual adult range is 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL. Results of 1.3 to 2 mg/dL are raised, usually without visible yellowing. Yellowing of the eyes can show from 2.0 mg/dL by MedlinePlus and typically above 3 mg/dL by Mayo Clinic. Below, one scale from 0 to 4 mg/dL marks the same cut-offs, and a short bar shows direct bilirubin, which is under 0.3 mg/dL. Tube colors are schematic. SAPIENS · LAB DECODE Bilirubin result scale Usual range 0.1 to 1.2 Raised 1.3 to 2 Yellowing can show past 2 to 3 Total bilirubin, mg/dL 0 1.2 2.0 3 4 Yellowing: from 2.0 (MedlinePlus), typically above 3 (Mayo Clinic) Direct bilirubin under 0.3 mg/dL MedlinePlus 2025 · Mayo Clinic 2026 · refs 1, 2 · schematic
Chart. Total bilirubin in adults, in mg/dL. The usual range is 0.1 to 1.2 and direct bilirubin is under 0.3 (ref 1). Yellowing can show from about 2.0 mg/dL by MedlinePlus and typically above 3 mg/dL by Mayo Clinic (refs 1, 2). Tube colors are schematic.

Bilirubin normal range: male and female

Men run slightly higher than women. In 2,021 apparently healthy north Indians aged 15 to 60, the measured interval was 0.40 to 1.34 mg/dL in men and 0.30 to 1.20 mg/dL in women.11 Across both sexes it was 0.30 to 1.30 mg/dL, against a standard printed range of 0 to 1.2.11

Treat those as north Indian figures from one study. Its authors suggest that diet, smoking and alcohol may explain the variation.11 Pregnancy moves the number the other way. Bilirubin is often slightly lower then.2

Bilirubin normal range by age

Children have a slightly lower ceiling. One reference laboratory prints these limits.6

  • Total bilirubin from 15 days to 17 years is 0.0 to 1.0 mg/dL
  • Total bilirubin from 18 years is 0.0 to 1.2 mg/dL
  • Direct bilirubin from 12 months onward is 0.0 to 0.3 mg/dL

Newborns run far higher in their first days and have their own section further down.

What is the difference between direct and indirect bilirubin? Copy link

Indirect bilirubin is the pigment before your liver has processed it, and direct bilirubin is the pigment after. Indirect, also called unconjugated, travels in the blood bound to a protein called albumin. In the liver it is changed into direct, or conjugated, bilirubin, which your body can get rid of.7

Most of the bilirubin circulating in a healthy person is the indirect kind.9 As arithmetic, a total of 0.9 mg/dL with a direct of 0.2 mg/dL leaves an indirect of 0.7 mg/dL.

Direct and indirect bilirubin: how total, direct and indirect relate on a bilirubin test A flat sample tube is filled in two colors. The whole column is total bilirubin, 0.9 mg/dL in this worked example. The darker lower part is direct bilirubin, 0.2 mg/dL, and the paler upper part is indirect bilirubin, 0.7 mg/dL, which is calculated as total minus direct. Below, bars on one axis show the ABIM reference ranges from January 2026: total 0.3 to 1.0, direct 0.1 to 0.3 and indirect 0.2 to 0.7 mg/dL. Schematic. SAPIENS · LAB DECODE The two bilirubin fractions Total 0.9 mg/dL measured Indirect 0.7 mg/dL total minus direct Direct 0.2 mg/dL measured ABIM reference ranges, mg/dL 0 0.3 0.7 1.0 Total 0.3 to 1.0 Direct 0.1 to 0.3 Indirect 0.2 to 0.7 ABIM reference ranges, January 2026 · ref 10 · schematic
Chart. How the lines on a bilirubin report relate. The tube shows a worked example in which a total of 0.9 mg/dL and a direct of 0.2 mg/dL leave an indirect of 0.7 mg/dL. The bars are the ABIM reference ranges from January 2026 (ref 10). Schematic.

Why does the split matter? It shows your doctor which system to examine. Indirect bilirubin climbs when red cells break down faster or when conjugation is slow. Direct bilirubin climbs with disease of the liver tissue or an obstructed bile system.3 US guidance asks for a raised total to be split into its direct and indirect fractions for that reason.9

What does high bilirubin mean? Copy link

High bilirubin, or hyperbilirubinemia, means pigment is being made faster than it is cleared, or that cleared pigment cannot drain away. The broad causes are hemolytic anemia, liver disease and a blockage in the bile ducts.5 The fractions on your report point toward one of them. The symptoms that lead doctors to order the test include jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool and stomach pain.5

Indirect bilirubin high

A raised indirect bilirubin usually comes from hemolysis, meaning faster breakdown of red cells, or from impaired conjugation.3 Doctors work through a short list.

  • Gilbert syndrome, the inherited trait covered in the next section3
  • Hemolysis, where red cells are destroyed early, which is why a blood count is checked for anemia3
  • Medicines that block conjugation, including the HIV drugs atazanavir and indinavir12
  • Fasting, which lifts the indirect fraction in Gilbert syndrome3

Hemolysis leaves marks elsewhere. Your CBC report shows whether you are anemic. If you are, UK guidance asks for a reticulocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase and haptoglobin to confirm or exclude it.3

Rifampin and vitamin C can also affect a bilirubin result.7 Tell your doctor what you take, and do not stop a prescribed medicine unless your doctor tells you to.5

Direct bilirubin high

A raised direct bilirubin implies disease of the liver cells or an obstruction of the bile ducts in most settings.9 MedlinePlus lists these liver and bile-duct causes of high bilirubin.1

  • Hepatitis, a swollen and inflamed liver
  • Cirrhosis, scarring of the liver
  • Gallstones
  • A biliary stricture, an abnormal narrowing of the common bile duct
  • Cancer of the pancreas or gallbladder

The most common causes of jaundice in adults are hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease, a bile duct blocked by a gallstone or tumor, and a toxic reaction to a drug or medicinal herb.13

In India, the national hepatitis program attributes 10 to 40 percent of acute hepatitis to the hepatitis E virus and 10 to 30 percent to hepatitis A.14

A raised direct fraction gets followed up. The follow-up, as you'd expect, starts with the rest of the liver panel and can add urine tests and an ultrasound.5

What does a bilirubin of 1.3 to 2 mg/dL mean? Copy link

A total bilirubin of 1.3 to 2 mg/dL, a 1.4 or a 1.6 for example, sits just above the usual limit. When the rise is in the indirect fraction and the rest of the liver panel is normal, the most common cause is Gilbert syndrome.3 It is an inherited trait in which the enzyme that conjugates bilirubin works at 30 to 50 percent of normal activity.12

How common is it? UK guidance puts it at 5 to 8 percent of people.3 A StatPearls review gives 2 to 20 percent, depending on ethnicity.12 That is a wide band. In a Kolkata study, 10 percent of 95 healthy controls carried two copies of the gene variant behind it.15 That sample was small and came from one hospital.

Most carriers go undiagnosed, at least in UK data. In the UK Biobank, 46,189 of 463,060 genotyped adults carried the Gilbert genotype. That is about 10 percent. Only 1,701 of those carriers, fewer than 4 in 100, had the diagnosis on their medical record.16

The pattern is specific. The rise sits in the indirect fraction. The direct fraction stays in range.12 There should be no anemia on your hemoglobin reading.3

Total bilirubin stays below 4 mg/dL in the StatPearls description.12 Referred patients can run higher. Among 75 Nepali patients reported in 2026, the mean was 3.9 mg/dL and the range 2.1 to 5.6.17 That group came through referral, which favors the more visible cases.17

Above 40 µmol/L of unconjugated bilirubin, about 2.3 mg/dL, UK guidance suggests looking for rarer conditions.3 That line sits inside the range Gilbert syndrome itself can reach, so read it as a prompt for your doctor.

Does it need treatment? No. People with Gilbert syndrome do not require treatment,12 and UK guidance says they should be fully reassured.3 Do tell any doctor prescribing for you. Irinotecan, a cancer medicine, is well known to cause toxicity in people with Gilbert syndrome.12 In the UK data the genotype also carried slightly higher odds of gallstones, an odds ratio of 1.16.16

Is a mildly high bilirubin protective? Observational data link higher bilirubin with less heart disease. The UK Biobank authors tested that with genetics and concluded that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protecting against cardiovascular disease.16 Their participants were of European ancestry, so the result may not carry over unchanged to Indian readers.

Should you fast before a bilirubin test? Copy link

Most people do not need to fast for a bilirubin test on its own, and fasting can raise the result. Mayo Clinic says most people need no special preparation.2 MedlinePlus adds that your provider may still ask you to go without food for several hours.5

The fast changes the number. In screening data from phase I drug trials, healthy men tested after fasting had significantly higher bilirubin than men tested fed, while the women in the same records showed no such effect.4 There were 105 men and 30 women, aged 18 to 48.4 That study looked back at existing records, so it shows a link in volunteers and stops there.

The effect is larger in Gilbert syndrome. Cutting intake to 400 kcal a day brings a 2- to 3-fold rise in bilirubin within 48 hours, and the value returns to normal within 12 to 24 hours of a normal diet.12

Fasting before a bilirubin test: the rise and fall of bilirubin in Gilbert syndrome An annotated chart of bilirubin against time in Gilbert syndrome. On 400 kcal a day bilirubin rises 2- to 3-fold within 48 hours, shown as a vertical range between two and three times the starting level. After a normal diet resumes it returns to normal within 12 to 24 hours, shown as a shaded window. Two small sample tubes, one pale and one amber, mark the fed and fasted states. The curve is schematic; only the labeled figures are measured values. SAPIENS · LAB DECODE Fasting and Gilbert syndrome 400 kcal a day Normal diet start 2-fold 3-fold 0 24 48 60 72 hours since the fast began 2- to 3-fold by 48 hours Normal again within 12 to 24 hours of eating StatPearls, Gilbert Syndrome, 2024 · ref 12 · schematic curve
Chart. Bilirubin during a fast in Gilbert syndrome. On 400 kcal a day it shows a 2- to 3-fold rise within 48 hours, then returns to normal within 12 to 24 hours of a normal diet (ref 12). The curve is schematic, and only the labeled figures are measured values.

Doctors use this on purpose. For an isolated raised bilirubin, UK guidance advises a repeat on a fasting sample together with a blood count and the direct and indirect fractions. The total should rise further on that sample because of the indirect component.3

So was your sample fasting? If your bilirubin came as part of a fasting panel, such as a health checkup package booked with glucose and lipids, the fast is one possible reason for a borderline total. An overnight fast is far shorter than 48 hours on 400 kcal, and no study cited here measures its exact effect in Gilbert syndrome.

Fasting can exaggerate a mild rise in indirect bilirubin, particularly in Gilbert syndrome.3,12 Do not assume it explains an abnormal result, especially when your direct bilirubin, liver enzymes or symptoms are abnormal too. The fractions settle it, so ask your doctor to read them before either explanation is accepted.

Other things move the reading too.

  • Some medicines, which is why the lab asks what you take5
  • Certain foods and strenuous exercise, both of which can raise it5
  • Light, so the sample is kept away from it until it is analyzed6
  • A badly hemolyzed sample, which can read falsely low6

What bilirubin level is dangerous in adults? Copy link

The adult guidance cited on this page sets no single bilirubin number as dangerous. What matters is the cause behind it, so doctors read the level alongside the fraction, the liver enzymes and your symptoms.

Some thresholds do carry weight. Yellowing becomes visible at about 2.0 mg/dL by one reference and above 3 mg/dL by another.1,2

Drug-induced liver injury has its own warning pattern, known as Hy's Law. It needs ALT or AST, the liver enzymes also printed as SGPT and SGOT, at three times the upper limit of normal or more. Total bilirubin must also be above twice its upper limit, with no cholestatic pattern and no other explanation.18

A cholestatic pattern means slowed bile flow. Hy's Law is a drug-safety rule and does not work as a general bilirubin cut-off.

The FDA gives the reason behind it. The liver has a large excess of capacity to excrete bilirubin, so a rise caused by injured liver cells means a great deal of injury.18 The same document notes the rule reads differently in people with Gilbert syndrome.18

When is it urgent? Unexplained jaundice should lead to an immediate referral under UK guidance.3 With jaundice, any of these warning signs means seeing a doctor as soon as possible.13

  • Severe abdominal pain and tenderness
  • Drowsiness, agitation or confusion
  • Fever
  • Blood in stool, tarry black stool, or blood in vomit
  • Easy bruising or bleeding

Jaundice with none of those still needs a doctor within a few days.13

Bilirubin normal range in newborns Copy link

Newborn bilirubin has no single normal or dangerous number. The result is read against the baby's age in hours, the gestational age and risk factors such as a hemolytic condition, sepsis or clinical instability.19 Bilirubin is higher for the first few days of life.1 Many healthy babies become jaundiced because the liver has not yet developed enough to clear it.5

The American Academy of Pediatrics revised its US guidance in 2022 for babies born at 35 weeks or later.20 It recommends measuring bilirubin between 24 and 48 hours after birth, or before discharge.19 The measurement can be a skin reading from a transcutaneous bilirubin meter or a blood test.19,21

A blood test confirms the skin reading when it is 15 mg/dL or more, or within 3 mg/dL of the treatment threshold.19 For the blood test, a few drops are taken from the baby's heel.5

Laboratories treat the first week the same way. One reference laboratory prints no fixed range for the first six days and points to age-specific postnatal charts.6 Ordinary newborn jaundice should clear in 5 to 10 days in a full-term baby and by 14 days in a preterm one.6

When should a jaundiced newborn be seen? Jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth calls for a bilirubin measurement right away.21,19 All babies should be checked by a provider in the first 5 days of life. Jaundice is an emergency if the baby has a fever, has become listless or is not feeding well.22

Contact the baby's doctor if the skin is bright yellow, if the soles of the feet are yellow, or if jaundice keeps increasing or lasts longer than 2 weeks.22

How to reduce bilirubin Copy link

What lowers bilirubin depends on what raised it. The number reflects an underlying cause, so it falls when that cause is dealt with.

In Gilbert syndrome no treatment is needed.12 Skipping meals works against you. Regular meals are the natural fix, because a rise brought on by fasting clears within 12 to 24 hours of eating normally.12

With a raised direct fraction, the useful step is finding the cause. That is a job for your doctor and the follow-up tests.5

In newborns, phototherapy is used when bilirubin reaches the treatment threshold for that baby's age in hours, gestational age and risk factors.19 Putting a baby in sunlight is not a safe way to treat jaundice.21

What does bilirubin in urine mean? Copy link

Bilirubin is not normally found in urine, so a negative result is the normal one. When it appears, it may be an early sign of a liver condition, and it can show up before you have symptoms.23

Only conjugated, or direct, bilirubin is excreted in urine. Unconjugated bilirubin is not.24 So bilirubin in urine points toward liver or bile-duct disease, and an isolated indirect rise such as Gilbert syndrome does not put it there.

The check is often part of a urinalysis and needs no special preparation. If it is positive, your provider may order other tests, including a liver panel.23

Bilirubin test price in India Copy link

The government's CGHS rate for a bilirubin test, total and direct, is ₹150 at accredited laboratories in Tier I cities and ₹128 at non-accredited ones.25 The Central Government Health Scheme has paid those rates since 13 October 2025. Tier II cities are paid 10 percent less and Tier III cities 20 percent less.25

A full liver function test, which includes bilirubin, is ₹500 and ₹425 on the same list.25 Private prices differ by city and by laboratory. Use the government rate as a yardstick and check today's price when you book.

Common questions about the bilirubin test Copy link

Is a bilirubin test the same as an LFT?

No. A bilirubin test measures one substance. A liver function test is a panel that includes bilirubin along with liver enzymes and proteins. If an LFT is already on your form, your bilirubin will be on the report. The standalone test is useful when only the bilirubin needs rechecking.

Is a bilirubin of 1.6 dangerous?

A total bilirubin of 1.6 mg/dL is a mild rise above the usual 1.2 limit. When the direct fraction, the other liver values and your hemoglobin are normal, Gilbert syndrome is the most common cause and needs no treatment. A raised direct fraction, or yellow eyes, needs a doctor's review.

Is fasting required for a bilirubin test?

Not for bilirubin alone. Mayo Clinic says most people need no special preparation. Your lab may still ask for a fast when other tests share the sample. Fasting can raise bilirubin, especially in Gilbert syndrome, so tell your doctor whether your sample was taken fasting.

What does low bilirubin mean?

Low bilirubin is not usually a cause for concern. Certain medicines can lower the reading. Reference lists put the lower end of normal for total bilirubin between 0.0 and 0.3 mg/dL. A result near the bottom of your lab's interval counts as normal.

Are bilirubin and jaundice the same thing?

No. Bilirubin is the yellow pigment measured in your blood. Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin and eyes that appears when the level is high enough. One reference puts that at about 2.0 mg/dL and another at above 3 mg/dL. You can have raised bilirubin with no visible jaundice.

How is bilirubin tested in a newborn?

With a skin probe called a transcutaneous bilirubin meter, or with a blood test on a few drops from the heel. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends measuring between 24 and 48 hours after birth, or before discharge. A high or borderline skin reading is confirmed with a blood test and read against the baby's age in hours.

References Copy link

  1. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Bilirubin blood test. US National Library of Medicine. Review date 13 February 2025.
  2. Mayo Clinic. Bilirubin blood test. Page dated 10 April 2026.
  3. Newsome PN, Cramb R, Davison SM, et al. Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018;67(1):6–19. Section: Clinical pattern recognition for liver blood tests. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314924
  4. Griffin P, Elliott SL, Manton KJ. Fasting increases serum bilirubin levels in clinically normal, healthy males but not females: a retrospective study from phase I clinical trial participants. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2014;67(6):529–534. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202155. Retrospective; 105 men, 30 women.
  5. MedlinePlus. Bilirubin Blood Test. US National Library of Medicine. Last updated 27 October 2024.
  6. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Bilirubin, Serum. Test ID BILI3. Sections: Clinical Information, Reference Values, Interpretation, Cautions.
  7. University of Rochester Medical Center, Health Encyclopedia. Direct Bilirubin.
  8. Testing.com. Bilirubin Test: Purpose, Process, and What Results Mean. Medically reviewed by Chuanyi Mark Lu, MD, PhD. Last modified 29 November 2022.
  9. Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017;112(1):18–35. Abstract. doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.517
  10. American Board of Internal Medicine. ABIM Laboratory Test Reference Ranges. January 2026. Entry: Bilirubin, serum.
  11. Yadav D, Mishra S, Gupta M, John PJ, Sharma P. Establishment of Reference Interval for Liver Specific Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Healthy North Indian Population. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2013;28(1):30–37. doi:10.1007/s12291-012-0281-0. 2,021 participants aged 15 to 60.
  12. Grant LM, Faust TW, Thoguluva Chandrasekar V, John S. Gilbert Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; last update 5 October 2024.
  13. Tholey D. Jaundice in Adults. Merck Manual Consumer Version. Full review August 2025. Sections: Causes, Warning signs, When to see a doctor.
  14. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National Viral Hepatitis Control Program: Operational Guidelines. 2018. Chapter 1, p. 22.
  15. Farheen S, Sengupta S, Santra A, Pal S, Dhali GK, Chakravorty M, Majumder PP, Chowdhury A. Gilbert's syndrome: High frequency of the (TA)7 TAA allele in India and its interaction with a novel CAT insertion in promoter of the gene for bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;12(14):2269–2275. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i14.2269. 95 patients and 95 controls, Kolkata.
  16. Hamilton FW, Abeysekera KWM, Hamilton W, Timpson NJ. Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations. BMJ Medicine. 2023;2(1):e000467. doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000467. UK Biobank, European ancestry.
  17. Ghimire PG, Ghimire P, Pande R. Genetic, clinical, and biochemical profiling of Gilbert syndrome in a Nepali cohort: High prevalence of the UGT1A1 c.-3279T>G polymorphism and correlation with hematological parameters. PLOS One. 2026;21(4):e0347128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347128. 75 referred patients, no control group.
  18. US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry: Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Premarketing Clinical Evaluation. July 2009. pp. 4–6.
  19. Espinosa K, Brown SR. Hyperbilirubinemia in Newborns: Updated Guidelines From the AAP. American Family Physician. 2023;107(6):661–664. Practice-guideline summary of the 2022 AAP revision.
  20. Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation. Pediatrics. 2022;150(3):e2022058859. doi:10.1542/peds.2022-058859. Cited for its scope only.
  21. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Jaundice in Newborns. HealthyChildren.org. Last updated 8 August 2024.
  22. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Newborn jaundice. US National Library of Medicine. Review date 1 January 2025.
  23. MedlinePlus. Bilirubin in Urine. US National Library of Medicine. Last updated 2 December 2024.
  24. Tholey D. Jaundice. Merck Manual Professional Version. Reviewed August 2025.
  25. Directorate General of CGHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Office Memorandum F.No.5-16/CGHS(HQ)/HEC/2024(PartI), dated 3 October 2025. Revised CGHS rates effective 13 October 2025, X (Tier I) cities, codes LB067 and LB124.

This page is general health information for readers in India. It does not diagnose jaundice or any liver condition, and it cannot replace a doctor who examines you. Laboratories set their own bilirubin intervals, and the interval beside your result applies to your sample. The ₹150 and ₹128 figures are Central Government Health Scheme rates for Tier I cities from 13 October 2025. Private prices differ and change. Sapiens is operated by Pangaea Sciences Private Limited, Hyderabad. Editorial standards: joinsapiens.in/editorial-standards. Report an error on this page.